This is a topic on which I’m quite torn.

Obviously, if you’re writing an übermensch of a character, you need to make him… well… superhuman.

But when is it still a “realistic” depiction of a character (whatever that means in fiction), and when does it dip into Mary Sue territory?

Because at first glance, Paul Muad’Dib Atreides reads like a beginner’s overpowered D&D character sheet.

SPOILER WARNING
Includes content from the Core Canon and the Dune Encyclopedia.

Bene Gesserit training? Check.
Mentat abilities? Check.
Combat training from a Ginaz Swordmaster? Check.

At one point, Paul even considers escaping Arrakis and joining the Spacing Guild. Because - he says - his kind of weird would be accepted and cherished there. Really.

Timothée Chalamet playing Paul Atreides in Dune (2021)

It seems he is, or at least could’ve been, an adept of any and all factions. The Suk School of Medicine is not mentioned, but I’m sure he would’ve made an excellent surgeon, too.

Feels a bit much, doesn’t it? Like imagine Harry Potter being sorted in all four houses at the same time.

“Everywhere we turn,” Irulan said, “his power confronts us. He’s the kwisatz haderach, the one who can be many places at once. He’s the Mahdi whose merest whim is absolute command to his Qizarate missionaries. He’s the mentat whose computational mind surpasses the greatest ancient computers. He is Muad’dib whose orders to the Fremen legions depopulate planets. He possesses oracular vision which sees into the future. He has that gene pattern which we Bene Gesserits covet for—”

— Dune: Messiah [1969]

Then again, he is (and has to be) so overpowered to be a credible threat to the status quo of a ten-thousand-year-old empire - all on his lonesome.

So, let’s review all the things Paul Muad’Dib could do.

Bene Gesserit skills

Truthsense

This is an ability that some people are born with - and then they can further develop it with appropriate training.

So while all Bene Gesserit can use their powers of observation to deduce if someone’s lying, Truthsayers know with 100% certainty.

"I read myself, not the person in front of me. I always know a lie because I want to turn my back on the liar."

"So that's how you do it!" Pounding his bare arm.

"Others do it differently. One person I heard say she knew a lie because she wanted to put her arm through the liar's arm and walk a ways, comforting the liar. You may think that's nonsense, but it works."

"I think it's very wise, Shoel." Love speaking. She did not really know what he meant.

"My precious love," he said, cradling her head on his arm, "Truthsayers have a Truthsense that, once awakened, works all the time. Please don't tell me I'm wise when it's your love speaking."

— Chapterhouse: Dune [1985]

This is the kind of truthsense the Reverend Mother Gaius Helen Mohaim observed in Paul right after the Gom Jabbar.

“You know when people believe what they say,” she said.

“I know it.”

The harmonics of ability confirmed by repeated test were in his voice.

— Dune [1965]

We see him actively using it as a boy.

Paul leaned back in his corner. His truthsense, awareness of tone shadings, told him that Kynes was lying and telling half-truths.

— Dune [1965]

And while we don’t get an indication about training, he continues using it as an Emperor.

Paul weighed the answer. Truthsense told him Edric sincerely believed the ghola to be Idaho. But there was more.

— Dune: Messiah [1969]

Limited telepathy

This isn’t really elaborated upon, but apparently the Water of Life can give you telepathic abilities for a while.

Remember how the Reverend Mother Ramallo poured over all her memories into Jessica after she took the Water of Life?

Well Paul can create the same kind of mind meld.

And before Chani or Jessica could stop him, he dipped his hand into the ewer they had placed on the floor beside him, and he brought the dripping hand to his mouth, swallowed the palm-cupped liquid.

“Paul!” Jessica screamed.

He grabbed her hand, faced her with a death’s head grin, and he sent his awareness surging over her.

The rapport was not as tender, not as sharing, not as encompassing as it had been with Alia and with the Old Reverend Mother in the cavern … but it was a rapport: a sense-sharing of the entire being. It shook her, weakened her, and she cowered in her mind, fearful of him.

— Dune [1965]

Prana-Bindu

The core of Bene Gesserit physical training, aiming at complete control over muscle (prana-musculature) and nerve (bindu-nervature).

This biological mastery allows conscious direction of metabolism, blood flow, and nervous system responses.

If you’re interested, I have a full article on the topic:

Suffice it to say, Paul used what he learned throughout his life.

He prepared his body then in the Bene Gesserit way, armed himself like a cocked spring for a single concentrated movement […]

— Dune: Messiah [1969]

But of course, one of the most well-known expressions of prana-bindu mastery, that also requires the sharp observational skills taught by the Bene Gesserit, is the Voice.

The Voice

Early on in his life, Paul mastered what the Terminology of the Imperium defines as "that combined training originated by the Bene Gesserit which permits an adept to control others merely by selected tone shadings of the voice."

The technique requires reading psychological and physiological cues while modulating vocal harmonics to bypass conscious resistance.

Reverend Mother Mohiam knew that Paul would need this technique to survive Arrakis, so after the Gom Jabbar, she instructed Jessica to "ignore the regular order of training. His own safety requires the Voice."

And, oh boy, did he learn. Next time Mohaim saw him, he was ready.

“Silence!” Paul roared. The word seemed to take substance as it twisted through the air between them under Paul’s control.

The old woman reeled back into the arms of those behind her, face blank with shock at the power with which he had seized her psyche. “Jessica,” she whispered. “Jessica.”

“I remember your gom jabbar,” Paul said. “You remember mine. I can kill you with a word.”

— Dune [1965]

The weirding way of combat

While his combat training might not have been superhuman in itself, he did have the chance to learn from the literal best in the known universe.

On the one hand, as Jessica describes it, “he had been taught fighting in a deadly school, his teachers men like Duncan Idaho and Gurney Halleck, men who were legends in their own lifetimes.

And on the other, his mother taught him the aforementioned prana-bindu control of his body and the fighting technique of the Bene Gesserit.

Both comparable to Sardaukar training.

SARDAUKAR: […] At the apex of their sway over the affairs of the Universe, their swordsmanship was said to match that of the Ginaz tenth level and their cunning abilities at in-fighting were reputed to approach those of a Bene Gesserit adept. Any one of them was rated a match for any ten ordinary Landsraad military conscripts. […]

— Terminology of the Imperium, Dune [1965]

When joining up with Stilgar’s troop, this is what Jessica and Paul marketed as “the weirding way.”

Alec Newman playing Paul in the Syfy mini-series (2000)

Mentat abilities

Early on in the story, still on Caladan, Duke Leto reveals to Paul that his mind works in a way that - if he wanted - he could become a Mentat. Not only that, but Thufir Hawat actually started the Mentat training regime, without ever telling Paul about it.

“Your mother wanted me to be the one to tell you, Son. You see, you may have Mentat capabilities.”

Paul stared at his father, unable to speak for a moment, then: “A Mentat? Me? But I….”

“Hawat agrees, Son. It’s true.”

“But I thought Mentat training had to start during infancy and the subject couldn’t be told because it might inhibit the early….” He broke off, all his past circumstances coming to focus in one flashing computation. “I see,” he said.

“A day comes,” the Duke said, “when the potential Mentat must learn what’s being done. It may no longer be done to him. The Mentat has to share in the choice of whether to continue or abandon the training. Some can continue; some are incapable of it. Only the potential Mentat can tell this for sure about himself.”

— Dune [1965]

And while he might’ve become Emperor of the Known Universe before reaching the legal drinking age, he certainly made sure to continue his studies - afterall he did go down in history as the Mentat Emperor.

The one who can be many places at once

Now we’re coming to the big ones.

Prescience

The ability that separates Paul from anyone else in the universe: he can see the future. And not just one, but all the possible futures.

Muad‘Dib could indeed see the Future, but you must understand the limits of this power. Think of sight. You have eyes, yet cannot see without light. If you are on the floor of a valley, you cannot see beyond your valley. Just so, Muad’Dib could not always choose to look across the mysterious terrain. He tells us that a single obscure decision of prophecy, perhaps the choice of one word over another, could change the entire aspect of the future. He tells us “The vision of time is broad, but when you pass through it, time becomes a narrow door.” And always, he fought the temptation to choose a clear, safe course, warning “That path leads ever down into stagnation. ”

— from “Arrakis Awakening” by the Princess Irulan, Dune [1965]

And with his Mentat skills, he calculated the appropriate actions needed to bring about the future he wished for.

"I meddled in all the possible futures I could create until, finally, they created me."

— Dune: Messiah [1969]

But as we know, one thing he didn’t foresee is how prescience trapped him. Leto II knew better.

“I know the trap of prescience. My father's life tells me what I need to know about it. No, grandmother: to know the future absolutely is to be trapped into that future absolutely. It collapses time. Present becomes future. I require more freedom than that.”

— Children of Dune [1976]

Other Memory

While all the Bene Gesserit have access to the memories of the maternal ancestors, Paul has unlocked full access.

“We look down so many avenues of the past … but only feminine avenues.” [Reverend Mother Mohiam’s] voice took on a note of sadness. “Yet, there’s a place where no Truthsayer can see. We are repelled by it, terrorized. It is said a man will come one day and find in the gift of the drug his inward eye. He will look where we cannot—into both feminine and masculine pasts.”

“Your Kwisatz Haderach?”

“Yes, the one who can be many places at once: the Kwisatz Haderach. Many men have tried the drug … so many, but none has succeeded.”

“They tried and failed, all of them?”

“Oh, no.” She shook her head. “They tried and died.”

— Dune [1965]

The Now

And finally, a bit of a handwavy ability, that we don’t know the full extent of, the knowledge of “the now.”

“You have seen the future, Paul,” Jessica said. “Will you say what you’ve seen?”

“Not the future,” he said. “I’ve seen the Now.” He forced himself to a sitting position, waved Chani aside as she moved to help him. “The Space above Arrakis is filled with the ships of the Guild.”

Jessica trembled at the certainty in his voice.

“The Padishah Emperor himself is there,” Paul said. He looked at the rock ceiling of his cell. “With his favorite Truthsayer and five legions of Sardaukar. The old Baron Vladimir Harkonnen is there with Thufir Hawat beside him and seven ships jammed with every conscript he could muster. Every Great House has its raiders above us … waiting.”

— Dune [1965]

I have a lot of headcanon ideas about how this might work and what the limits of this ability might be, but canonically this one isn’t really explained.

The only thing that looks to be similar is how he was able to see after the Stoneburner.

“None of us has eyes,” Paul said. “They have taken my eyes, as well, but not my vision. I can see you standing there, a dirty wall within touching distance on your left. Now wait bravely. Stilgar comes with our friends.”

The thwock-thwock of many ’thopters grew louder all around. There was the sound of hurrying feet. Paul watched his friends come, matching their sounds to his oracular vision.

— Dune: Messiah [1969]

Kyle MacLachlan playing Paul Atreides in Dune (1984)

Giver & taker

Maybe the weirdest part of being the Kwisatz Haderach is Paul’s explanation of having both male and female energies.

Paul said: “There is in each of us an ancient force that takes and an ancient force that gives. A man finds little difficulty facing that place within himself where the taking force dwells, but it’s almost impossible for him to see into the giving force without changing into something other than man. For a woman, the situation is reversed.”

Jessica looked up, found Chani was staring at her while listening to Paul.

“Do you understand me, Mother?” Paul asked.

She could only nod.

“These things are so ancient within us,” Paul said, “that they’re ground into each separate cell of our bodies. We’re shaped by such forces. You can say to yourself, ‘Yes, I see how such a thing may be.’ But when you look inward and confront the raw force of your own life unshielded, you see your peril. You see that this could overwhelm you. The greatest peril to the Giver is the force that takes. The greatest peril to the Taker is the force that gives. It’s as easy to be overwhelmed by giving as by taking.”

“And you, my son,” Jessica asked, “are you one who gives or one who takes?”

“I’m at the fulcrum,” he said. “I cannot give without taking and I cannot take without ….” He broke off, looking to the wall at his right.

— Dune [1965]

I don’t think it comes up ever again, but there you have it: Paul’s both giver and taker. And since no one else can do that, I classify it as one of his powers.

Your support makes my lore research possible, and I'm truly grateful to have you on board.

Stay curious,

Martin
Dune Navigator

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